How do environmental factors like wind and waves affect stability?

Environmental factors such as wind and waves play a significant role in affecting the stability of a vessel. The sway angle, which is the angle of lateral movement or tilt caused by external forces, can be influenced by these environmental factors.

When a vessel encounters wind, it may cause it to list or heel over due to the lateral force applied by the wind on the superstructure. Waves can similarly lead to changes in the vessel's attitude by rolling it side to side or pitching it fore and aft. These movements increase the dynamic forces acting on the vessel, which can alter the sway angle significantly.

By understanding this interaction between environmental factors and a vessel’s stability, maritime professionals can better manage a vessel’s orientation and ensure safe navigation. The statement regarding the sway angle correctly highlights the importance of considering wind and wave conditions when assessing stability.