How does off-center loading affect a vessel's stability?

Off-center loading significantly affects a vessel's stability by shifting the center of gravity. When cargo is loaded off-center, the weight distribution on the vessel changes, leading to an unequal distribution of forces acting on it. This shift decreases stability because the center of gravity can move closer to the edge of the stability triangle, which impacts the vessel's ability to right itself after being heeled over by waves or wind.

In a stable vessel, the center of buoyancy should remain directly under or near the center of gravity. However, when loading is uneven, the center of gravity moves to one side, potentially leading to a higher risk of capsizing. Therefore, it is crucial for vessels to maintain proper loading practices to ensure stability and safety at sea.