What does the sway angle in naval architecture refer to?

The sway angle in naval architecture specifically refers to the lateral tilt caused by lateral forces acting on the vessel. This phenomenon is critical to understand because it directly influences the stability and performance of a ship. When a vessel encounters external forces such as wind, waves, or currents, it can cause the ship to lean or tilt sideways. This lateral movement is quantified as the sway angle.

In the context of ship design and operation, accurately assessing the sway angle is essential for ensuring that the vessel maintains adequate stability and does not risk capsizing or suffering from excessive heel. Thus, understanding how and why a vessel sways helps naval architects design ships that can better withstand adverse conditions at sea.

The other options describe different aspects of ship motion or stability, but they do not specifically pertain to lateral forces. Recognizing the difference is key for anyone studying naval architecture or maritime operations.